The Blue Stockings Society

"Blue Stocking" was a mid-18th century term used to describe female intellectuals (literary and otherwise). It was commonly used in a derogatory context by both men and women. As a result, the history of this label connotes the negativity and intolerance associated with it. 18th century England and it's patriarchy believed women should be confined to one sphere only: the domestic. This only concerned women with housework, child-bearing and cooking. Outside of that sphere, some women were able to partake in ambitious and controversial meetings. Whilst, combatting all that external judgement from others! This movement was revolutionary for some women in England and France, as it allowed them to access fair, free educational spaces. Instead of mother and wife, they could be writers and artists. What a modern notion for the time!

The Blue Stocking Society was founded by Elizabeth Montagu 'Queen of the Blues' and Elizabeth Vesey c. 1750. Many women joined the two hostesses, and the expansion of the society continued steadily. The group of women met and discussed their interests - these were typically the latest literary works. Montagu, Vesey and their companions stepped away from societal pressure, and encouraged ladies to be the unexpected.

Although it was primarily women, men attended the discussions too.

By majority, historians have not agreed on the origin of the name. There have been multiple theories as to why they were called the blue stockings. The most famous involved renowned botanist and author, Benjamin Stillingfleet. He was an active participant and attended often. However, he could not afford the formal attire which was worn to the meetings. This included black silk stockings, and so he attended in his blue stockings instead. The term 'blue stocking' presented to the rest of the world the informal atmosphere of the meetings.

The type of woman that attended the meetings were learned. Typically, they had some previous knowledge surrounding literature and the arts. This, of course, was not typical for the period. During the mid-18th century, women could not legally attend university or any establishment of the kind. Only men could do this. Intellectual understanding or curiosity was not expected of a woman. It was certainly not encouraged. So, you could imagine that the few men that were members of this society, weren't held in high regard by the rest of their gender. By creating this group, it gave women the opportunity to express and expand their views without condemnation. They discussed the exciting novels of the day - ones that were strongly disapproved of by society because of their debatable content. They encouraged each other to learn languages, such as Latin! This was an education that could develop in a safe and welcoming environment. But, this was as much as a educational movement as it was a social. This was also a safe space for women, created by women.

In a modern sense, this could have been an early feminist group. Their goal to empower women through education and intellectual capability was refreshing for the times. Hostesses advocated women's education, and practically became business-women by providing a space in which women could access this. This should be celebrated.

"In a woman's education little but outward accomplishments is regarded ... sure the men are very imprudent to endeavor to make fools of those to whom they so much trust their honour and fortune, but it is in the nature of mankind to hazard their peace to secure power, and they know fools make the best slaves" — Elizabeth Montagu (1743)

Elizabeth Montagu became known for her accomplished and celebrated meetings from c. 1750. As hostess, she organized literary mornings for the society - which I imagine to be very exciting. By 1760, the meetings were far more popular if held during the evening. However, card games and strong alcoholic drinks were strictly forbidden. Vesey wanted to co-create a place where intellectual discussion would triumph - not drunken behaviour. Vesey referred to their society as the 'bluestocking philosophers'. For authors and artists, patronage was possible. Many creatives received this! The patron would financially support the artist, and with that, their work would be dedicated to them. This helped the creative, but also helped the continuation of the arts. Montagu became the patron of many.

I hope you've enjoyed this little piece. There's plenty more to come...